Ana Odorović
10.51204/Anali_PFBU_23102A
The emergence of financial technology companies (fintechs) has spurred expectations that they will lead to large-scale disintermediation in finance and significantly disrupt the banking industry. Regulators in several jurisdictions have supported their market entry through the adoption of open banking policies, whose purpose is to facilitate third-party access to banking data, subject to customer consent. Data access has been seen as a competitive bottleneck in the banking industry, while customers hold the ultimate ownership over their data. This paper aims to critically assess proclaimed promises of open banking by analysing existing barriers to entry and market-based collaborations between banks and fintechs as identified in the literature. Since the expected effects can vary depending on the regulatory model embraced, the paper also outlines the economic trade-offs of different regulatory solutions. Consequently, the paper may help regulators who are considering introducing or designing open banking policies.
- Acquisti, Alessandro, Curtis Taylor, Liad Wagman. 2016. The Economics of Privacy. Journal of Economic Literature 54, 442–492. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.54.2.442
- Allen, Franklin, Xian Gu, Julapa Jagtiani. 1/2021. A Survey of Fintech Research and Policy Discussion. Review of Corporate Finance, 259–339. https://doi.org/10.1561/114.00000007
- Anand, Divya, Murali Mantrala. 3/2019. Responding to disruptive business model innovations: The case of traditional banks facing fintech entrants. Journal of Banking and Financial Technology 3, 19–31.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42786-018-00004-4
- Arner, Douglas W., Ross P. Buckley, Dirk A. Zetzsche. (2022). Open Banking, Open Data, and Open Finance: Lessons from the European Union. 147–172 in Open Banking, edited by Linda Jeng. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582879.003.0009
- Asrow, Kaitlin. 2022. Defining Data Rights and the Role of the Individual. 31–54 in Open Banking, edited by Linda Jeng. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582879.003.0003
- Babina, Tania, Greg Buchak, Will Gornall. 2022. Customer Data Access and Fintech Entry: Early Evidence from Open Banking. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4071214 (last visited 30 January 2023). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4071214
- Bank for International Settlements. 2018. Sound Practices: implications of fintech developments for banks and bank supervisors. https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d431.pdf (last visited 30 January 2023).
- Berg, Tobias, Valentin Burg, Ana Gombović, Manju Puri. 2020. On the Rise of FinTechs: Credit Scoring Using Digital Footprints. The Review of Financial Studies 33, 2845–2897. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz099
- Berlin, Mitchell, Loretta J. Mester. 1999. Deposits and Relationship Lending. The Review of Financial Studies 12, 579–607. https://doi.org/10.1093/revfin/12.3.0579
- Bömer, Max, Hannes Maxin. 2018. Why fintechs cooperate with banks—Evidence from Germany. Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft 107, 359–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12297-018-0421-6
- Boms, Steven, Sam Taussig. 2022. Customer Protection and the Liability Conundrum in an Open Finance Ecosystem. 55–73 in Open Banking, edited by Linda Jeng. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582879.003.0004
- Boot, Arnound W.A. 2016. Understanding the Future of Banking Scale & Scope Economies, and Fintech. 429–447 in The Future of Large, Internationally Active Banks, edited by Asli Demirguc-kunt, Douglas D. Evanoff, and George G. Kaufman. World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813141391_0025
- Cai, Cynthia Weiyi. 2018. Disruption of financial intermediation by FinTech: A review on crowdfunding and blockchain. Accounting & Finance 58, 965–992. https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12405
- Cardinal, Don, Nick Thomas. 2022. Data Access Technology Standards: A History of Open Banking Data Access. 91–106 in Open Banking, edited by Linda Jeng. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582879.003.0006
- Carletti, Elena. 2008. Competition and regulation in banking. Handbook of Financial Intermediation and Banking 126, 449–482.
- Carletti, Elena, Stijn Claessens, Antonio Fatás, Xavier Vives. 2020. Post-Covid-19 World. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451558-2.50022-2
- Carrière-Swallow, Yan, Vikram Haksar, V. 2022. Open Banking and the Economics of Data. 127–145 in Open Banking, edited by Linda Jeng. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582879.003.0008
- Chakray. 2022. Open Banking: How APIs are transforming the banking sector. https://www.chakray.com/ebooks/open-banking-apis-transforming-banking-sector/ (last visited 30 January 2023).
- Damme, Eric van. 1994. Banking: A Survey of Recent Microeconomic Theory. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 10, 14–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/10.4.14
- Degryse, Hans, Steven Ongena. 2008. Competition and Regulation in the Banking Sector: A Review of the Empirical Evidence on the Sources of Bank Rents. Handbook of Financial Intermediation and Banking, 483–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451558-2.50023-4
- Dell’Ariccia, Giovanni. 2001. Asymmetric information and the structure of the banking industry. European Economic Review 45, 1957–1980. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(00)00085-4
- Drasch, Benedict J., André Schweizer, Nils Urbach. 2018. Integrating ‘Troublemakers’: A taxonomy for cooperation between banks and fintechs. Journal of Economics and Business 100, 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.04.002
- Dushnitsky, Gary, Massimiliano Guerini, Evila Piva, Cristina Rossi-Lamastra. 2016. Crowdfunding in Europe: Determinants of Platform Creation across Countries. California Management Review 58, 44–71. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2016.58.2.44
- Elyasiani, Elyas, Lawrence G. Goldberg. 2004. Relationship lending: A survey of the literature. Journal of Economics and Business 56, 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2004.03.003
- Enriques, Luca, Wolf-Georg Ringe. 2020. Bank–Fintech Partnerships, Outsourcing Arrangements and the Case for a Mentorship Regime. Capital Markets Law Journal 15, 374–397. https://doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmaa019
- Faes, Alessandro, Vito Gunnella, Marco Giorgino, Milan Italy Milano. 2022. Collaborate or Perish: A Conceptual Framework for Banks and FinTechs Partnerships. ECIE 2022 17th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.34190/ecie.17.1.593 https://papers.academicconferences.org/index.php/ecie/article/download/593/664 (last visited 30 January 2023).
- FINMA. 2022. FinTech licence. https://www.finma.ch/en/authorisation/fintech/fintech-bewilligung/ (last visited 30 January 2023).
- Gozman, Daniel, Jonas Hedman, Kasper Sylvest Olsen. 2018. Open Banking: Emergent Roles, Risks & Opportunities. 26th European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS 2018. https://scholar.archive.org/work/yvpue7ignrdltajksjynrz5kia/access/wayback/ https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgiarticle=1182&context=ecis2018_rp (lastvisited 30 January 2023).
- Graef, Inge. 2019. Rethinking the essential facilities doctrine for the EU digital economy. RJT Ns 53, 33–72. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3371457
- Haddad, Christian, Lars Hornuf. 2019. The emergence of the global fintech market: Economic and technological determinants. Small Business Economics 53, 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9991-x
- He, Zhiguo, Jing Huang, Jidong Zhou. 2023. Open banking: Credit market competition when borrowers own the data. Journal of Financial Economics 147, 449–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2022.12.003
- Klus, Milan Frederik, Todor Stefan Lohwasser, Friedrich Holotiuk, Jürgen Moormann. 1/2019. Strategic Alliances between Banks and Fintechs for Digital Innovation: Motives to Collaborate and Types of Interaction. The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance 21, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.57229/2373-1761.1346
- Langenbucher, Katja, Patrick Corcoran. 2021. Responsible AI Credit Scoring – A Lesson from Upstart.com. 141–180 in Digital Finance in Europe: Law, Regulation, and Governance, edited by Emilios Avgouleas and Heikki Marjosola. Berlin–Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110749472-006
- Littlejohn, Gavin, Ghela Boskovich, Richard Prior. 2022. United Kingdom: The Butterfly Effect. 173–200 in Open Banking, edited by Linda Jeng. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582879.003.0010
- Macchiavello, Eugenia. 2021. Disintermediation in Fund-raising: Marketplace Investing Platforms and EU Financial Regulation. 291–306 in Routledge Handbook of Financial Technology and Law, edited by Iris HY Chiu and Gudula Deipenbrock. London: New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429325670-16
- Oshodin, Osemwonyemwen, Alemayehu Molla, Stan Karanasios, Chin Eang Ong. 2017. Is FinTech a Disruption or a New Eco-system? An Exploratory Investigation of Banks’ Response to Fintech in Australia. ACIS 2017 proceedings. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/301385383.pdf (last visited 30 January 2023).
- Rau, P. Raghavendra. 2021. Sometimes, Always, Never: Regulatory Clarity and the Development of Crowdfunding. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3797886 (last visited 30 January 2023). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3797886
- Stiglitz, Joseph E., Andrew Weiss. 1981. Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information. The American Economic Review 71, 393–410.
- The Economist. 2015. The fintech revolution. A wave of startups is changing finance—for the better. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/05/09/the-fintech-revolution (last visited 30 January 2023).
- The Economist. 2017. The world’s most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/05/06/the-worlds-most-valuable-resource-is-no-longer-oil-but-data (last visited 30 January 2023).
- Vezzoso, Simonetta. 2018. Fintech, Access to Data, and the Role of Competition Policy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3106594 (last visited 30 January 2023). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3106594
- Vives, Xavier. 2016. Competition and stability in banking: The role of competition policy and regulation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171791.001.0001
- Wolberg-Stok, Andres. 2022. Open Banking Ecosystem and Infrastructure: Banking on Openness. 13–30 in Open Banking, edited by Linda Jeng. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582879.003.0002
- World Bank. 2022. Technical Note on Open Banking: Comparative Study on Regulatory Approaches. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/37483 (last visited 30 January 2023).
- Zachariadis, Markos, Pinar Ozcan. 2017. The API economy and digital transformation in financial services: The case of open banking. Working Paper No. 2016–001. Swift Institute. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2975199
Zatvoreno za komentare