Nikoletta PIKRAMENOU, Jelena SIMIĆ
10.51204/Anali_PFBU_24303A
In 2022 Greece became the fifth country in the world to ban harmful interventions and treatments on intersex infants and children. Previously, Malta, Portugal, Germany and Iceland also legally banned harmful interventions on intersex persons. A crucial difference between Greece and the rest of the aforementioned countries is that it is a Christian Orthodox country located in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Drawing from a contextual approach to law, in this comparative analysis the authors will use „contextuality“ to explore the meaning behind legal developments that took place in Greece regarding intersex rights and how they could potentially impact the overall situation of intersex rights in the Balkans. In addition, with this paper the authors seek to relocate the dominant focus of intersex rights from Western and Northern Europe with the aim to boost awareness of intersex issues in the Western Balkan region, especially Serbia.
- Agius, Silvan. 2017. Human rights and intersex people. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights. https://rm.coe.int/16806da5d4, last visited July 20, 2024.
- Barnes, Jeffrey. 4/2018. Contextualism: The Modern Approach to Statutory Interpretation, UNSW Law Journal 41: 1083.
- Behrens, Kevin G. 2020/108. A principled ethical approach to intersex paediatric surgeries. BMC Med Ethics 21.
- Brković, Amil, Branko Ćulibrk, Delila Hasanbegović, Dina Bajrektarević, Jozo Blažević. 2023. Rozi izvještaj. Godišnji izvještaj o stanju ljudskih prava LGBTI osoba u Bosni i Hercegovini. Sarajevo: Sarajevski otvoreni centar. https://soc.ba/site/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rozi-izvjestaj_za-web.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Burić, Vanja. 2020. Tijela koja nadilaze binarnost 2: Istraživanje o pravima interspolne djece u zdravstvenom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine [Bodies that transcend binarity 2: Study on the rights of intersex children in the healthcare system of Bosnia and Herzegovina]. Sarajevo: Sarajevski otvoreni centar. https://soc.ba/site/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/HRP53-FINAL_web.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Carpenter, Morgan. 4/2018a. The „Normalization“ of Intersex Bodies and „Othering“ of Intersex Identities in Australia. J Bioeth Inq. 15: 487–495.
- Carpenter, Morgan. 2/2018b. Intersex Variations, Human Rights, and the International Classification of Diseases. Health Hum Rights. 20: 205–214.
- Center of Research for Equality Issues (Κέντρο Ερευνών για Θέματα Ισότητας). 2014. Φυλο Κοινωνια Πολιτικη [Gender, society and politics]. https://www.kethi.gr/sites/default/files/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1.fylo-koinonia-politiki.pdf, last visited July 20, 2024.
- Commissioner for Protection of Equality of Serbia. 2021. Recommendation of Measures for Achieving Equality and Protection Against Discrimination. No. 021-01–169/2021-02. https://ravnopravnost.gov.rs/en/no-310–21–2/, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Creighton, Sarah. 2001/5. Surgery for intersex. J R Soc Med. 94: 218–20.
- Crouch, Naomi S., Catherine L. Minto, Lih Mei Laio, Chritopher R. J. Woodhouse, Sarah M. Creighton. 1/2004. Genital sensation after feminizing genitoplasty for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a pilot study. BJU Int. 93: 135–8.
- Dreger, Domurat A. 2000. Hermaphrodites and the medical invention of sex. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Đuković, Mirko. 2021. Priručnik za anti-diskriminaciono pravo. [Handbook for antidiscrimination law]. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. https://www.ombudsman.co.me/img-publications/39/hf23-handbook-atidiscrimination-law_mne.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). 2024. LGBTIQ Survey. https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2024/lgbtiq-crossroads-progress-and-challenges, last visited July 17, 2024.
- European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). 2020. A long way to go for LGBTI equality. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2015-focus-04-intersex_en.pdf, last visited April 20, 2024.
- European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). 2015. The fundamental rights situation of intersex people. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2015-focus-04-intersex_en.pdf, last visited April 20, 2024.
- European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). 2022. Sixth report on Greece. https://rm.coe.int/ecri-first-report-on-greece-adopted-on-28-june-2022-published-on-22-se/1680a818bf, last visited August 27, 2024.
- European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). 2024b. Fourth report on Serbia. https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-commission-against-racism-and-intolerance/serbia, last visited July 20, 2024.
- European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). 2020. Sixth report on Albania. https://rm.coe.int/report-on-albania-6th-monitoring-cycle-/16809e8241, last visited July 20, 2024.
- European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). 2023. Sixth report on North Macedonia. https://rm.coe.int/sixth-ecri-report-on-north-macedonia/1680ac8c47, last visited July 20, 2024.
- European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). 2024a. Fourth report on Bosnia and Herzegovina. https://rm.coe.int/fourth-ecri-report-on-bosnia-and-herzegovina/1680b0661f, last visited July 20, 2024.
- European Commission. 2023. Serbia 2023 Report (commission staff working document). https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/9198cd1a-c8c9–4973–90ac-b6ba6bd72b53_en?filename=SWD_2023_695_Serbia.pdf, last visited July 15, 2024.
- Feature a Protective Environment for LGBTI+ Persons (FAROS). 2014 – 2020. https://www.faros2020.eu/, last visited April 1, 2024.
- Forest, Benjamin. 2000. Placing the Law in Geography. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Placing-the-Law-in-Geography-Forest/d89a883afc56c82e063acee2bcb6ff40b537c19f, last visited July 20, 2024.
- Gayten – LGBT. 2019. Interseks – ka stvaranju intersekcionalne platform. [Interseks – toward the creation of an intersectional platform] Belgrade: Gayten–LGBT, Centar za promociju LGBTIQ prava. https://www.transserbia.org/images/2019/dokumenta/Interseks.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Georgakopoulos, Thodoris. 2016. Η Υγεία Των Ελλήνων Και Η Κρίση – Μια Έρευνα [The health of Greeks and the crisis – a survey]. https://www.dianeosis.org/2016/03/greek_health_intro/, last visited March 15, 2024.
- Ghattas, Dan Christian. 2019. Protecting intersex people in Europe: A toolkit for law and policy makers. Berlin: OII Europe; Brussels: ILGA-Europe. https://www.oiieurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Protecting_intersex_in_Europe_toolkit.pdf, last visited April 28, 2024.
- Giannou, Dimitra. 2017. Normalized Absence, Pathologised Presence: Understanding the Health Inequalities of LGBT People in Greece, doctoral dissertation. Durham University.
- Government of Greece. 2021. National Strategy for the Equality of LGBTQI+. https://www.primeminister.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ethniki_statigiki_gia_thn_isothta_ton_loatki.pdf, last visited July 19, 2024.
- Group of Experts on Action against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (GREVIO). 2023. GREVIO Baseline Evaluation Report. https://rm.coe.int/grevio-s-baseline-evaluation-report-on-legislative-and-other-measures-/1680ad469d, last visited March 15, 2024.
- ILGA-Europe. 2023. Rainbow Europe Map and Index 2023. https://www.ilga-europe.org/report/rainbow-europe-2023/, last visited March 20, 2023.
- ILGA-Europe. 2024. Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of LGBTI people covering the Period of January to December 2023 – North Macedonia. https://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/2024/north_macedonia.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- ILGA-Europe. 2016. Enlargement Review Albania. https://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/enlargement_review_albania_2016.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Intersex Greece. Intersex variations. https://intersexgreece.org.gr/intersex-101/, last visited March 13, 2024.
- Intersex Greece. 2022. Shadow Report on „Violence against intersex women in Greece“. https://rm.coe.int/greece-2022-shadow-report-grevio-cbr/1680a675f7, last visited April 1, 2024.
- Intersex Greece. 2021. Suggestions – requests for the recognition and protection of intersex people in Greece. https://intersexgreece.org.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Suggestions-requests4recognition-protection%20of%20intersex-in%20Greece_EN.pdf, last visited April 19, 2024.
- Jakaj, Danjela. 2022. How the Albanian law protects the LGBTIQ human rights and what it needs to be change to progressively develop and broaden the standards of freedom, equality and non-discrimination for their community? 169–181. The students’ views on the European integration of the Western Balkans region, edited by Silvo Devetak. Maribor: ISCOMET Institute for Ethnic and Regional Studies.
- Jovanović, Miloš. 3/2022. Homoseksualnost i srpska pravoslavna crkva: transformacije odnosa u poslednjih 20 godina [Homosexuality and the Serbian Orthodox Church: Transformations of Relations in the Last 20 Years), Sociologija 64: 428–453.
- Karalis, Dimitris. 2016. Financial crisis and financial recovery. Enimerosi 227.
- Kika, Ardit. 2019. Intersex is Not Exactly „Breaking News“, Kosovo 2.0. https://kosovotwopointzero.com/en/intersex-is-not-exactly-breaking-news/, last visited April 17, 2024.
- LGBTI Equal Rights Association for Western Balkans and Turkey (ERA). 2016. Country Report Kosovo. LGBTI Enlargement Review 2016. https://lgbti-era.org/countries/kosovo/, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Liao, Lih Mei. 2022. Variations in Sex Development: Medicine Culture and Psychological Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- LIFO. 2024. Γάμος ομόφυλων ζευγαριών: Αυτό είναι το κείμενο που θα διαβαστεί στις εκκλησίες [Marriage of same-sex couples: This is the text to be read in churches]. https://www.lifo.gr/now/greece/gamos-omofylon-zeygarion-ayto-einai-keimeno-poy-tha-diabastei-stis-ekklisies, last visited July 19, 2024.
- Méndez, Juan E. 2013. Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez, Human Rights Council, Twenty-second session, Report No. A/HRC/22/53, 1 February. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Ministry for European Affairs and Equality of Malta. 2017. Gender Identity Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act https://legislation.mt/eli/cap/540/eng/pdf, last visited August 29, 2024.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece. 2024. Regional Policy – Western Balkans. https://www.mfa.gr/exoteriki-politiki/periferiaki-politiki/dytika-valkania.html, last visited July 17, 2024.
- Monro, Surya, Daniela Crocetti, Tray Yeadon-Lee, Fae Garland, Mitch Travis. 2017. Intersex, Variations of Sex Characteristics, and DSD: The Need for Change. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/33535/, last visited July 19, 2024.
- Monro, Surya, Morgan Carpenter, Daniela Crocetti, Georgiann Davis, Fae Garland, David Griffiths, Peter Hagerty, Mitchell Travis, Mauro Cabral Grinspan, Peter Aggleton. 4/2021. Intersex: cultural and social perspectives. Culture, Health & Sexuality 23: 431–440.
- National Commission for Human Rights of Greece. 2015. Διεμφυλικά Άτομα Και Νομική Αναγνώριση Της Ταυτότητας Φύλου [Trans persons and legal recognition of gender identity]. https://www.nchr.gr/images/pdf/apofaseis/diakriseis/EKTHESI_Nomiki%20anagnorisi%20taytotitas%20fylou.pdf, last visited July 19, 2024.
- OII Europe. 2021. Legal gender recognition for intersex people in Europe https://www.oiieurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LGR-for-intersex_comparative-research_03–2021.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- OII Europe. 2023. IGM ban indicators checklist. https://www.oiieurope.org/igm-ban-indicators-checklist/, last visited April 29, 2024.
- OII Europe. 2020. Press Release. https://www.oiieurope.org/albanian-medical-protocol-2020/, last visited April 17, 2024.
- OII Germany and OII Europe. 2024. OII Germany & OII Europe comment on deeply concerning German Family Court decision authorising an intervention on an intersex minor. https://www.oiieurope.org/oii-germany-oii-europe-joint-comment-german-family-court-decision/, last visited July 19, 2024.
- Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 2017. Resolution 2191, Promoting the human rights and eliminating discrimination against intersex people. https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=24232, last visited July 17, 2024.
- Pandurević, Darko. 2017. Tijela koja nadilaze binarnost: Preporuke za unapređenje pravnog i medicinskog pristupa interspolnim osobama u BiH [Bodies that transcend binarity: Recommendations for the promotion of the legal and medical approach to intersex persons in BiHStudy on the rights of intersex children in the healthcare system of Bosnia and Herzegovina]. Sarajevo: Sarajevski otvoreni centar. https://soc.ba/site/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/HRP_tijelo_01_18.01.2017._web.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Pikramenou, Nikoletta. 2019. Intersex Rights: Living Between Sexes. Cham: Springer.
- Pikramenou, Nikoletta. 4/2024. From Intersex Activism to Law-Making – The Legal Ban of IGM in Greece, Social Sciences Journal 13.
- Randjelović, Kristian, Nenad Petković, Rosemary Kumwenda, John Macauley, Ninoslav Mladenović, Boyan Konstantinov. 2017. Istraživanje o položaju interseks osoba u Albaniji, BiH, Bivšoj jugoslovenskoj Republici Makedoniji i Srbiji [Study on the position of intersex persons in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia]. Belgrade: UNDP. https://xyspectrum.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/undp-rs-IntersexStudySRB-May2018–1.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Selznick, Philip. 3/2003. Law in Context, Revisited. Journal of Law and Society 30: 177–186.
- Simić, Jelena. 2019. Legal Control of Medical sector in Serbia 30 years after fall of Berlin wall, Law Review – Special Issue – Proceedings from the Annual International Conference – 30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall: 1–16.
- Simić, Jelena. 1/2013. Nevinost bez zaštite ili jedno viđenje Zakona o pravima pacijenata [Innosence without protection or a perspective on the Law on Patient Rights], Pravni zapisi 4: 145–168.
- Simić, Jelena. 2019. Uzeti svoje telo u svoje ruke: Interseks osobe i izazovi stvaranja interseks zajednice u Srbiji. 66–85. U mrežama drugosti: Intersekcionalnost i LGBT aktivizam u Srbiji i Hrvatskoj [In the nets of otherness: intersexuality and LGBT activism in Serbia and Croatia], edited by Bojan Bilić. Novi Sad: Mediterran Publishing.
- Souliotis, K, Papadonikolaki G. Papageorgiou M. Oikonomou M. 5/2018. Οι επιπτώσεις της κρίσης στην υγεία και το σύστημα υγείας: Σκέψεις και δεδομένα για την ελληνική περίπτωση [The impact of crisis on health and health care: thoughts and data on the Greek case]. Archives of Hellenic of Medicine 35: 686–697, https://www.mednet.gr/archives/2018-sup/pdf/9.pdf, last visited August 29, 2024.
- Tamar-Mattis, Anne. 21/2013. Exceptions to the Rule: Curing the Law’s Failure to Protect Intersex Infants, Berkeley Journal of Gender Law & Justice 1: 59–110.
- Totsikas, Alexis. 2015. Οικονομικές κρίσεις και χρεοκοπία (19ος – 20ος αιώνας) [Financial crises and bankruptcy in Greece (19th–20th Century)], 25 April. http://argolikivivliothiki.gr/2012/11/01/economic-crises/, last visited August 26, 2024.
- UNHCR. Birth Registration. http://skr.rs/zfc3, last visited April 17, 2024.
- UN Free & Equal. What does ‘intersex’ mean? https://www.unfe.org/en/know-the-facts/challenges-solutions/intersex, last visited July 17, 2024.
- UN Human Rights Council. 2024. Combating discrimination, violence and harmful practices against intersex persons A/HRC/55/L.9 https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/ltd/g24/048/06/pdf/g2404806.pdf, last visited July 17 2024.
- United States Department of State. 2023. Kosovo 2023 Human Rights Report. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/528267_KOSOVO-2023-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf, last visited April 17, 2024.
- Vouvaki, Vasiliki, Nikoletta Pikramenou, Irini Simeonidou, Phoebus Simeonidis. 2023. Hate speech against intersex people in Greece. Athens: Intersex Greece. https://intersexgreece.org.gr/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Hate-speech-against-intersex-people-in-Greece-report-EN-upd2.pdf, last visited April 1, 2024.
Zatvoreno za komentare