Članak
dec 24
Nazad

WHEN LAW ENTERS HISTORY: PROHIBITION OF CRIME NEGATIONISM AND ITS LIMITS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

Mihajlo Vučić

10.51204/Anali_PFBU_21407A
SAŽETAK /

The topic of this article is the interaction between the freedom of expression and the memorial laws concerning historical crimes. The author offers an analysis of the phenomenon of negationism through the prism of international law. The article is based on two interrelated hypotheses. The first is that the prohibition of negationism has a legal foundation in international law only if accompanied by the ability to incite hatred or violence. For this purpose, international and regional European standards on negationism are analyzed. The second hypothesis is that in the practice of implementation of memorial laws, the border between hate speech and legitimate historical denialism becomes blurred. This fact might lead to excessive encroachment upon the freedom of expression. The author offers an analysis of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights as a referential framework for the application of memorial laws in practice aimed at evading these excesses.

ČLANAK JE RASPOLOŽIV NA /
Engleskom  
REFERENCE /
  1. Belavusau, Uladzislau, Aleksandra Gliszczyńska-Grabias. 2017. Introduction: Memory Laws: Mapping a New Subject in Comparative Law and Transitional Justice. 1–26 in Law and Memory: Towards Legal Governance of History, edited by Uladzislau Belavusau and Aleksandra Gliszczyńska-Grabias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316986172.001
  2. Bieńczyk-Missala, Agnieszka. 2020. The Causes and Consequences of Negationism. 19–30 in Responsibility for negation of international crimes, edited by Patrycja Grzebyk. Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
  3. Bilali, Rezarta. 1/2013. National Narrative and Social Psychological Influences in Turks’ Denial of the Mass Killings of Armenians as Genocide. Journal of Social Issues 69: 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12001
  4. Byford, Jovan. 1/2010. “Shortly afterwards we heard the sound of the gas van”: Survivor Testimony and the Writing of History in Socialist Yugoslavia. History and Memory 22: 5–47. https://doi.org/10.2979/his.2010.22.1.5
  5. Cohen-Jonathan, Gérard. 2/2001. Le droit de l’homme à la non − discrimination raciale, Revue trimestrielle des droits de l’homme 46: 665–688.
  6. 2019. Europe must remember its past to build its future. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20190917IPR61204/europe-must-remember-its-past-to-build-its-future (last visited 31 October, 2021).
  7. 2014. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law, COM/2014/027 final.
  8. Fraser, David. 2011. Law’s Holocaust Denial. State, Memory, Legality. 3–48 in Genocide Denials and the Law, edited by Ludovic Hennebel and Thomas Hochmann. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199738922.003.0002
  9. Fronza, Emanuela. 2018. Memory and Punishment. Historical Denialism, Free Speech and the Limits of Criminal Law. The Hague: T.M.C Asser Press/Springer.
  10. Genocide Watch. 2021. The Ten Stages of Genocide. http://genocidewatch.net/genocide-2/8-stages-of-genocide/ (last visited 31 October, 2021).
  11. Gordon, Gregory S. 2017. Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190612689.001.0001
  12. Górski, Marcin. 2020. The Art of Negationism. Balancing Freedom of Artistic Expression and the Right to Truth? 55–68 in Responsibility for negation of international crimes, edited by Patrycja Grzebyk. Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
  13. Grzebyk, Patrycja. 2020. Introduction. 13–18 in Responsibility for negation of international crimes, edited by Patrycja Grzebyk. Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
  14. Haldemann, Frank. 2/2005. Gustav Radbruch vs. Hans Kelsen: A Debate on Nazi Law. Ratio Juris 18: 162–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.2005.00293.x
  15. Hochmann, Thomas. 2011. The Denier’s Intent. 279–319 in Genocide Denials and the Law, edited by Ludovic Hennebel and Thomas Hochmann. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199738922.003.0009
  16. Jansen, Yakaré-Oulé. 4/2016. Denying Genocide or Denying Free Speech? A Case Study of the Application of Rwanda’s Genocide Denial Laws. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 12: 191–213.
  17. Kahn, Robert A. 2011. Holocaust Denial and Hate Speech. 77–108 in Genocide Denials and the Law, edited by Ludovic Hennebel and Thomas Hochmann. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199738922.003.0004
  18. Kajosevic, Samir. 2021. Montenegro Minister Sacked for Querying Srebrenica Genocide Rulings. https://balkaninsight.com/2021/06/17/montenegro-minister-sacked-for-querying-srebrenica-genocide-rulings/ (last visited 31 October, 2021).
  19. Kamiński, Ireneusz C. 2020. Debates over History and the European Convention on Human Rights. 69–84 in Responsibility for negation of international crimes, edited by Patrycja Grzebyk. Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
  20. Krstić, Ivana. 1/2008. Govor mržnje – međunarodni standardi. Lex Forum: 7–20.
  21. Krstić, Ivana. 2020a. Izveštaj o upotrebi govora mržnje u medijima
    u Srbiji. https://rm.coe.int/hf25-hate-speech-serbian-media-srp/1680a
    2278f     (last visited 17 November, 2021).
  22. Krstić, Ivana. 2020b. Međunarodni standardi zabrane govora mržnje i njihova primena u Republici Srbiji. 317–337 in Unifikacija prava i pravna sigurnost, edited by Jelena Perović-Vujačić. Beograd: Kopaonička škola prirodnog prava.
  23. Krstić Ivana. 2020c. Međunarodna krivična dela u praksi Evropskog suda za ljudska prava. 110–131 in Liber Amicorum Prof. Dr. Milenko Kreća, edited by Sreto Nogo. Tara: Intermex.
  24. Kurtsikidze, Giorgi. 2017. Denial of Genocide as an International Human Rights Law Issue. Vilnius.
  25. Lobba, Paolo. 1/2014. A European Halt to Laws Against Genocide Denial? In Perinçek v. Switzerland, the European Court of Human Rights Finds that a Conviction for Denial of Armenian ‘Genocide’ Violates Freedom of Expression. European Criminal Law Review 4: 59–77. https://doi.org/10.5235/219174414811783342
  26. Lobba, Paolo. 2017. Testing the ‘Uniqueness’: Denial of the Holocaust vs Denial of Other Crimes before the European Court of Human Rights. 109–128 in Law and Memory: Towards Legal Governance of History, edited by Uladzislau Belavusau and Aleksandra Gliszczyńska-Grabias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316986172.006
  27. Memišević, Ehlimana. 2015. Krivičnopravna zabrana poricanja genocida – dozvoljeno ograničenje slobode izražavanja? Godišnjak Pravnog fakulteta u Sarajevu LVIII: 143–164.
  28. Mężykowska, Aleksandra. 2020. History Distortion Cases – Protection of Personal Rights of Victims of Denied Crimes in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. 93–106 in Responsibility for negation of international crimes, edited by Patrycja Grzebyk. Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
  29. Mill, John Stewart. 1863. On Liberty. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
  30. Muftić, Lamija. 2018. Zabrane negiranja genocida u EU, BiH i regionu: komparativno-pravni pregled. Sarajevo: Centar za javno pravo.
  31. Munivrana-Vajda, Maja, Andrea Šurina-Marton. 2/2016. Gdje prestaju granice slobode izražavanja, a počinje govor mržnje? Analiza hrvatskog zakonodavstva i prakse u svjetlu europskih pravnih standarda. Hrvatski ljetopis za kaznene znanosti i praksu 23: 435–467.
  32. Omerović, Enis, Amna Hrustić. 2020. Sloboda izražavanja i govor mržnje: odgovor države Bosne i Hercegovine. Anali Pravnog Fakulteta Univerziteta u Zenici 13(25): 13–56.
  33. Parisi, Piergiuseppe. 2020. The Obligation to Criminalise Historical Denialism in a Multilevel Human Rights System. 41–54 in Responsibility for negation of international crimes, edited by Patrycja Grzebyk. Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
  34. Rosenberg, Sheri P. 1/2012. Genocide Is a Process, Not an Event. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal 7: 16–23. https://doi.org/10.3138/gsp.7.1.16
  35. Rousso, Henry. 1987. Le Syndrome de Vichy. Paris: Seuil.
  36. Smailagić, Nedžad. 2020. Negationism and Atrocity Crimes Committed in the Former Yugoslavia: Criminal Law and Transitional Justice Considerations. 225–248 in Responsibility for negation of international crimes, edited by Patrycja Grzebyk. Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
  37. Tsesis, Alexander. 2020. Genocide Censorship and Genocide Denial. 107–122 in Responsibility for negation of international crimes, edited by Patrycja Grzebyk. Warsaw: Institute of Justice.
  38. UN. 2014. Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes – A tool for prevention. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/about-us/Doc.3_Framework%20of%20Analysis%20for%20Atrocity%20Crimes_EN.pdf (last visited 31 October, 2021).
  39. UN. 2019. Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/advising-and-mobilizing/Action_plan_on_hate_speech_EN.pdf (last visited 31 October, 2021).
  40. Wójcik, Anna. 2019. European Court of Human Rights, Freedom of Expression and debating the Past and History. Review of International, European and Comparative Law XVII: 33–46.
  41. Wojcik, Malwina. 1/2020. Navigating the hierarchy of memories: the ECtHR judgment in Perinçek v. Switzerland. The King’s Student Law Review XI: 98–115.