Bojan SPAIĆ, Sava VOJNOVIĆ
10.51204/Anali_PFBU_25405A
The authors examine the ethical foundations of humanity’s responsibilities toward nonhuman animals, emphasizing the intuition that special duties arise toward beings unable to protect or provide for themselves. Contemporary variants of traditional theories, such as utilitarianism and deontology, have made notable progress in extending moral concern to animals by recognizing their sentience, interests, and inherent worth. The authors argue that such theories still fall short of fully capturing the relational and context-sensitive obligations humans feel toward vulnerable beings: utilitarianism reduces moral claims to aggregate calculations that risk justifying exploitation, while deontological and rights-based approaches often frame duties in abstract or hierarchical terms. The authors contend that care ethics provides a stronger foundation, by foregrounding dependence and empathetic responsibility. By integrating rational reflection with moral emotions and imagination, care ethics better aligns with human moral sentiments and offers a framework of guardianship that extends duties of care beyond merely proximate relationships.
- Allegri, Francesco. 3/2018. The Moral Status of Animals: A Critical Analysis and a Gradualist Proposal. Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics 20: 559–570.
- Anderson, Elizabeth. 2005. Animal Rights and the Values of Nonhuman Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Andrews, Kirstin. 2015. The Animal Mind: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Animal Cognition. Milton Park: Routledge.
- Bantham, Jeremy. [1781] 2000. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Kitchener: Batoche Books.
- Bastian, Brock, Steve Loughnan, Nick Haslam, Hannah R. M. Radke. 2/2012. Don’t Mind Meat? The Denial of Mind to Animals Used for Human Consumption. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 38: 247–256.
- Beauchamp, Tom L. 2011. Rights Theory and Animal Rights. 198–228 in The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and Raymond G. Frey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Brink, David O. 2006. Some Forms and Limits of Consequentialism. 380–424 in The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory, edited by David Copp. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Brown, Anna. 2023. About Half of U.S. Pet Owners Say Their Pets Are as Much a Part of Their Family as a Human Member. Pew Research Center, 7 July. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/07/07/about-half-us-of-pet-owners-say-their-pets-are-as-much-a-part-of-their-family-as-a-human-member/, last visited December 2, 2025.
- Callanan, John J., Lucy Allais. 2020. Kant and Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Carruthers, Peter. 2011. Animal Mentality: Its Character, Extent, and Moral Significance. 373–406 in The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and Raymond G. Frey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Chan, Sarah, John Harris. 2011. Human Animals and Nonhuman Persons. 304–332 in The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and Raymond G. Frey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Donovan, Josephine. 2/2006. Feminism and the Treatment of Animals: From Care to Dialogue. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 31: 305–329.
- Donovan, Josephine, Carol J. Adams. 2007. The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
- Engster, Daniel. 4/2006. Care Ethics and Animal Welfare. Journal of Social Philosophy 37: 521–536.
- European Commission. 2023. Special Eurobarometer 533 on Animal Welfare – Report, Luxembourg: European Union.
- Ellingsen, Kaja, Anna J. Zanella, Ellen Bjerkås, Ashild Indrebø. 3/2010. The Relationship Between Empathy, Perception of Pain and Attitudes Toward Pets Among Norwegian Dog Owners. Anthrozoös 23: 231–243.
- Frey, Raymond G. 2011. Utilitarianism and Animals. 172–198 in The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and Raymond G. Frey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Gilligan, Carol. 1993. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Gómez-Leal, Rafael, Alicia Costa, Adrian Megías-Robles, Pablo Fernández-Berrocal, Luis Faria. 2021. Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Empathy Towards Humans and Animals. PeerJ 9: e11274.
- Gunnthorsdottir, Anna. 4/2001. Physical Attractiveness of an Animal Species as a Decision Factor for Its Preservation. Anthrozoös 14: 204–214.
- Herzog, Harold, Susan Grayson, David McCord. 1/2015. Brief Measures of the Animal Attitude Scale. Anthrozoös 28: 145–152.
- Higgs, Michael J., Sasha Bipin, Helen J. Cassaday. 2/2020. Man’s Best Friends: Attitudes Towards the Use of Different Kinds of Animal Depend on Belief in Different Species’ Mental Capacities and Purpose of Use. R Soc Open Sci 7: 191162.
- Hopwood, Christopher J., Gabriel Olaru, Alexander T. Nissen, João Graça, Christopher Dillard, Amanda M. Thompkins, David R. Waldhorn. 2025. A Cross-Cultural Examination of Individual Differences in Human Attitudes About Animals. Personality Science 6: 27000710251321367.
- Kant, Immanuel. [1785] 1996. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, edited by Jens Timmermann and translated by Mary Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kant, Immanuel. 2001. Lectures on Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kelch, Thomas G. 1999. The Role of the Rational and the Emotive in a Theory of Animal Rights. Environmental Affairs 27: 1–41.
- Kellert, Stephen R., Judith K. Berry. 1980. Phase III: Knowledge, Affection and Basic Attitudes Toward Animals in American Society. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
- Korsgaard, Christine. 2011. Interacting with Animals: A Kantian Account. 91–119 in The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and Raymond G. Frey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Korsgaard, Christine. 2015. A Kantian Case for Animal Rights. 154–177 in The Ethics of Killing Animals, edited by Tatjana Višak and Robert Garner. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Korsgaard, Christine. 2018. Fellow Creatures: Our Obligations to the Other Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kurki, Visa A. J. 2017. Why Things Can Hold Rights: Reconceptualizing the Legal Person. 69–89 in Legal Personhood: Animals, Artificial Intelligence and the Unborn, edited by Visa A. J. Kurki and Tomasz Pietrzykowski. Cham: Springer.
- McConnell, Alan R., Courtney M. Brown, Toshio M. Shoda, Lindsey E. Stayton, Caitlin E. Martin. 6/2011. Friends With Benefits: On the Positive Consequences of Pet Ownership. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol 101: 1239–1252.
- Mill, John Stuart. [1863] 2001. Utilitarianism. 2nd Edition. Hackett Publishing Company.
- Nedić, Tomislav, Dubravka Klasiček. 2/2023. Questioning Animals’ Status as Objects of Property Rights in Croatian and Comparative Property Law. Pravni vjesnik 39: 53–70.
- Noddings, Nel. 1984. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics & Moral Education. Oakland: University of California Press.
- Nusbaum, Martha C. 2011. The Capabilities Approach and Animal Entitlements. 228–255 in The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and Raymond G. Frey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Nussbaum, Martha C. 2023. Justice for Animals: Our Collective Responsibility. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
- Piazza, Jared, Matthew B. Ruby, Steve Loughnan, Mischel Luong, Juliana Kulik, Hanne M. Watkins, Mirra Seigerman. 2015. Rationalizing meat consumption: The 4Ns. Appetite 91: 114–128.
- Pietrzykowski, Tomasz. 2017. The Idea of Non-personal Subjects of Law. 49–68 in Legal Personhood: Animals, Artificial Intelligence and the Unborn, edited by Visa A. J. Kurki and Tomasz Pietrzykowski. Cham: Springer.
- Prato-Previde, Enrico, Elena B. Ricci, Elisabetta S. Colombo. 20/2022. The Complexity of the Human–Animal Bond: Empathy, Attachment and Anthropomorphism in Human–Animal Relationships and Animal Hoarding. Animals 12: 2835.
- Regan, Tom. 1983. The Case for Animal Rights. Oakland: University of California Press.
- Regan, Tom. 1985. The Case for Animal Rights. 13–26 in In Defense of Animals, edited by Peter Singer. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Riffkin, Rebecca. 2015. In U.S., More Say Animals Should Have Same Rights as People. Gallup, 18 May. https://news.gallup.com/poll/183275/say-animals-rights-people.aspx, last visited December 2, 2025.
- Ross, William David. 1930. The Right and the Good. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Singer, Peter. 1993. Practical Ethics (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Singer, Peter. [1975] 2015. Animal Liberation. New York, NY: Open Road Integrated Media.
- Strauss, Mark. 2018. Americans are divided over the use of animals in scientific research. Pew Research Center, August 16. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2018/08/16/americans-are-divided-over-the-use-of-animals-in-scientific-research/, last visited December 2, 2025.
- Suárez-Yera, Carmen, Jose L. Ordóñez-Carrasco, Mar Sánchez-Castelló, Antonio J. Rojas Tejada. 2/2024. Differences in General and Specific Attitudes Toward Animals by Diet and Gender. Anthrozoös 37: 289–302.
- Tanner, Jennifer K. 1/2009. The Argument from Marginal Cases and the Slippery Slope Objection. Environmental Values 18: 51–66.
- Tooley, Michael. 2011. Are Nonhuman Animals Persons? 332–373 in The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and Raymond G. Frey. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wilson, Scott. 1/2002. Indirect Duties to Animals. The Journal of Value Inquiry 36: 17–27.




© 1953 - 2025 АНАЛИ
Затворено за коментаре