Emilia Mišćenić
10.51204/Anali_PFBU_22302A
EU consumer law is in a process of constant change. Over the past several decades EU consumer law has gone through many changes, reaffirming the statement by Greek philosopher Heraclitus: the only constant is change (Panta Rhei). This paper emphasizes the transformative nature of EU consumer law and its constant changes. Firstly, the paper addresses the changes in legal grounds and competences, as the roots of EU consumer law. Secondly, it presents the changes of the levels of harmonization and their impact on EU consumer directives and the national laws of the Member States. It continues by observing the impact of the CJEU’s uniform and autonomous interpretation on the national case law of the Member States and consumer law enforcement. In conclusion, the paper accentuates the role of the transparency requirements and information duties in online ‘business-to-consumer’ (B2C) transactions as fundamental aspects affecting the future of EU consumer law.
- Arnull, Anthony. 1/2011. The Principle of Effective Judicial Protection in EU Law: An Unruly Horse? European Law Review 36: 51–70.
- Bajčić, Martina. 2021. Linguistic Comparison within CJEU’s Decision-Making: A Debunking Exercise. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 34: 1433–1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09751-4
- Bar, Christian von, Eric Clive, Hans Schulte-Nölke. 2009. Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law, Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Munich: Sellier.
- Barnard, Jacolien, Emilia Mišćenić. 1/2019. The Role of the Courts in the Application of Consumer Protection Law: A Comparative Perspective. Journal for Juridical Science 44: 111–138. https://doi.org/10.18820/24150517/JJS44.i1.5
- Basedow, Jürgen. 2021. EU Private Law, Anatomy of a Growing Legal Order. Cambridge: Intersentia.
- Beka, Anthi. 2018. The Active Role of Courts in Consumer Litigation: Applying EU Law of the National Courts’ Own Motion. Cambridge et al.: Intersentia. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781780687674
- Brenncke, Martin. 2/2018. A Hybrid Methodology for the EU Principle of Consistent Interpretation. Statute Law Review 39: 134–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmw048
- Callies, Christian. 5/2001. Nach dem “Tabakwerbung-Urteil” des EuGH: Binnenmarkt und gemeinschaftsrechtliche Kompetenzverfassung im neuen Licht. Juristische Ausbilung (JURA): 311–318.
- Čikara, Emilia. 2007. Die Angleichung des Verbraucherschutzrechts in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verbraucherschutzrechtes in der Republik Kroatien. Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka 28: 1067–1112.
- Alderman, Richard; Alberto de Franceschi, Mark Giancaspro, Geraint Howells, Chen Lei, Javier Lete, Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, Emilia Miscenic, Tjakie Naude, Pascal Pichonnaz, Elise Poillot, Iain Ramsay, Evelyne Terryn, Christian Twigg– Flesner, Thomas Wilhelmsson. 2020. Consumer Law and Policy Relating to Change of Circumstances Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Consumer Policy 43: 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-020-09463-z
- Dahlberg, Erik, Sigurd Næss-Schmidt, Laura Virtanen, Scott Marcus, Mattia Di Salvo, Jacques Pelkmans, Virginia Dalla Pozza, Katarina Kubovicova. 2020. Legal Obstacles in Member States to Single Market Rules. European Parliament.
- Delhomme, Vincent. 2017. Internal Market as an Excuse: The Case of EU Anti-Tobacco Legislation. European Legal Studies: 1–8.
- Djurovic, Mateja. 2019. Private Law Consequences of Unfair Commercial Practices. 29–42 in The Transformation of Economic Law: Essays in Honour of Hans-W. Micklitz, edited by Lucila de Almeida, Marta Cantero Gamito, Mateja Djurovic and Kai Peter Purnhagen. Oxford et al.: Hart Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509932610.ch-003
- Durovic, Mateja, Takis Tridimas. 2021. New Directions in European Private Law. Oxford et al.: Hart Publishing.https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509935642
- Đurović, Mateja. 2/2020. Adaptation of Consumer Law to the Digital Age: EU Directive 2019/2161 on Modernisation and Better Enforcement of Consumer Law. Belgrade Law Review 68: 62–79. https://doi.org/10.5937/AnaliPFB2002062D
- Elizalde, Francisco de. 2021. Standardisation of Agreement in EU Law. An Adieu to the Contracting Parties? 29–59 in New Directions in European Private Law, edited by Mateja Durovic and Takis Tridimas. Oxford et al.: Hart Publishing.
- Faure, Michael. 15/2008. Towards a Maximum Harmonization of Consumer Contract Law? Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 15: 433–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X0801500401
- Franceschi, Alberto de, Reiner Schulze. Forthcoming. Harmonizing Digital Contract Law – The Impact of the EU Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771. Munich: C.H. Beck/Hart/Nomos.
- Gardiner, Caterina. 2022. Unfair Contract Terms in the Digital Age, The Challenge of Protecting European Consumers in the Online Marketplace. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800886179
- Grundmann, Stefan, Denis Mazeaud. 2005. General Clauses and Standards in European Contract Law: Comparative Law, EC Law and Contract Law Codification. The Hague et al.: Kluwer Law International.
- Helberger, Natali, Orla Lynskey, Hans-W. Micklitz, Peter Rott, Marijn Sax, Joanna Strycharz. 2021. EU Consumer Protection: Structural asymmetries in digital consumer markets. BEUC.
- Hess, Burkhard, Stephanie Law. 2019. Implementing EU Consumer Rights by National Procedural Law. München: Beck – Hart – Nomos.
- Howells, Geraint, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Thomas Wilhelmsson. 2017. Rethinking EU Consumer Law. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315164830
- Howells, Geraint, Thomas Wilhelmsson. 2003. EC Consumer Law: Has it Come of Age? European Law Review 23: 370–388.
- Jansen, Sanne. 3/2014. Price reduction as a consumer sales remedy and the powers of national courts: Duarte Hueros. Common Market Law Review 51: 975–991. https://doi.org/10.54648/COLA2014068
- Józon, Mónika. 2021. Article 12 (Consumer Protection) (ex–Article 153.2 TEC). 315–329. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union – A Commentary, edited by Josef Blanke and Stelio Mangiameli. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43511-0_13
- Lando, Ole. 1/2000. Optional or Mandatory Europeanisation of Contract Law. European Review of Private Law 8: 59–69. https://doi.org/10.54648/264249
- Leczykiewicz, Dorota, Stephen Weatherill. 2016. The Images of the Consumer in EU Law: Legislation, Free Movement and Competition Law. Oxford et al.: Hart Publishing.
- Lodder, Arno R., Jorge Morais Carvalho. 4/2022. Online Platforms: Towards an Information Tsunami with New Requirements on Moderation, Ranking, and Traceability. European Business Law Review 33: 537–556. https://doi.org/10.54648/EULR2022025
- Loos, Marco B.M. 2/2017. Double Dutch: On the role of the transparency requirement with regard to the language in which standard contract terms for B2C-contracts must be drafted. Journal of European Consumer and Market Law (EuCML) 6: 54–59.
- Loos, Marco B.M. 3/2010. Full Harmonisation as a Regulatory Concept and its Consequences for the National Legal Orders: The Example of the Consumer Rights Directive. Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1639436
- Loos, Marco B.M. 4/2009. Rights of Withdrawal. Centre for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series.
- Mak, Vanessa. 1/2009. Review of the Consumer Acquis – Towards Maximum Harmonisation? European Review of Private Law 17: 55–73. https://doi.org/10.54648/ERPL2009003
- Mak, Vanessa. 2020. Legal Pluralism in European Contract Law, Oxford Studies in European Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854487.001.0001
- Mancaleoni, Anna Maria, Elise Poillot. 2021. National Judges and the Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Rome: RomaTrE-Press.
- Micklitz, Hans-W. 2021. Epilogue – New Directions, but Which Ones? 233–245. New Directions in European Private Law, edited by Mateja Durovic and Takis Tridimas. Oxford et al.:Hart Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509935642.ch-011
- Micklitz, Hans-W., Christian Twigg-Flesner. Forthcoming. The Transformation of Consumer Law and Policy in Europe. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
- Micklitz, Hans-W., Geneviève Saumier. 2018. Enforcement and Effectiveness of Consumer Law. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78431-1
- Milà Rafel, Rosa. 23/2016. The Directive Proposals on Online Sales and Supply of Digital Content (Part I): will the new rules attain their objective of reducing legal complexity? Revista de Internet, Derecho y Política: 50–63. https://doi.org/10.7238/idp.v0i22.3082
- Mišćenić, Emilia, Anna-Lena Hoffmann. 4/2020. The Role of Opening Clauses in Harmonisation of EU Law: Example of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC): 44–61. https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/11895
- Miscenic, Emilia, Aurélien Raccah. 2016. Legal Risks in EU Law: Interdisciplinary Studies on Legal Risk Management and Better Regulation in Europe. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Mišćenić, Emilia, Iva Mamilović. 1/2019. Nepoštena poslovna praksa u hrvatskome pravnom sustavu: uređenje i provedba. Godišnjak Akademije pravnih znanosti Hrvatske 10: 273–299. https://doi.org/10.32984/gapzh.10.1.11
- Mišćenić, Emilia, Ivana Mrak. 1/2018. Zaštita potrošača od proizvoda dvojne kvalitete. Harmonius Journal of Legal and Social Studies in South East Europe VII: 145–169.
- Mišćenić, Emilia, Silvija Petrić. 2020. Nepoštenost valutne klauzule u CHF i HRK/CHF kreditima. Zagreb: Narodne Novine.
- Miscenic, Emilia. 2014. Mortgage Credit Directive (MCD): Are Consumers Finally Getting the Protection They Deserve? 219–260 in Liber amicorum in honorem Vilim Gorenc, edited by Zvonimir Slakoper. Rijeka: Faculty of Law Rijeka.
- Miscenic, Emilia. 2016. Legal Risks in Development of EU Consumer Protection Law. 135–163 in Legal Risks in EU Law: Interdisciplinary Studies on Legal Risk Management and Better Regulation in Europe, edited by Emilia Miscenic and Aurélien Raccah. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28596-2_7
- Miscenic, Emilia. 2016a. Legal Translation vs. Legal Certainty in EU Law. 87–107 in Legal Risks in EU Law: Interdisciplinary Studies on Legal Risk Management and Better Regulation in Europe edited by Emilia Miscenic and Aurélien Raccah. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28596-2_5
- Mišćenić, Emilia. 2016b. Croatian Case “FRANAK”: Effective or “Defective” Protection of Consumer Rights?. Harmonius – Journal of Legal and Social Studies in South East Europe: 184‒209.
- Mišćenić, Emilia. 2017. Ugovor o potrošačkom kreditu. 595–649 in Bankovni i financijski ugovori, edited by Zvonimir Slakoper. Zagreb: Narodne Novine.
- Mišćenić, Emilia. 2/2018. Croatian Consumer Protection Law: From Legal Approximation to Legal Fragmentation. Studia Iuridica Toruniensia 23: 177–201. https://doi.org/10.12775/SIT.2018.034
- Mišćenić, Emilia. 2018a. Protection of Consumers on the EU Digital Single Market: Virtual or Real One? 219–246 in The Influence of the European Legislation on National Legal Systems in the Field of Consumer Protection, edited by Angelo Viglianisi Ferraro, Monika Jagielska and Marketa Selucka. Cedam: Wolters Kluwer.
- Mišćenić, Emilia. 3/2018b. Uniform Interpretation of Article 4(2) of UCT Directive in the Context of Consumer Credit Agreements: Is it Possible? Revue du droit de l’Union européenne: 127‒159.
- Mišćenić, Emilia. 2019. The Effectiveness of Judicial Enforcement of the EU Consumer Protection Law. 129–153 in Balkan Yearbook of European and International Law, edited by Zlatan Meškić, Ivana Kunda, Dušan V. Popović and Enis Omerović. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/16247_2019_8
- Mišćenić, Emilia. 6/2020. Currency Clauses in CHF Credit Agreements: A ‘Small Wheel’ in the Swiss Loans’ Mechanism. Journal of European Consumer and Market Law (EuCML): 226–235.
- Mišćenić, Emilia. Forthcoming. Foreign Currency Loans in Croatia, in Protecting Financial Consumers in Europe: Comprarative Perspectives and Policy Choices, edited by Mariusz J. Golecki and Piotr Tereszkiewicz. Leiden: Brill.
- Morais Carvalho, Jorge. 5/2019. Sale of Goods and Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services – Overview of Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771. Journal of European Consumer and Market Law (EuCML) 8: 194–201. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3428550
- Oehler, Andreas, Stefan Wendt. 2017. Good Consumer Information: The Information Paradigm at its (Dead) End? Journal of Consumer Policy 40: 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-016-9337-5
- Prastitou Merdi, Thalia. 2020. The 2018 New Deal on Better Enforcement and Modernisation of EU Consumer Law: An Actually Good Digital Deal? 347–364 in EU Internet Law in the Digital Era: Regulation and Enforcement, edited by Tatiana-Eleni Synodinou, Philippe Jougleux, Christiana Markou and Thalia Prastitou. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25579-4_16
- Reich, Norbert. 2010. Von der Minimal– zur Voll– zur “Halbharmonisierung”. Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht: 7–39.
- Rösler, Hannes. 1/2009. Verbraucherbelange während 50 Jahren EG-Vertrag. Zeitschrift für Politik: 75–88. https://doi.org/10.5771/0044-3360-2009-1-75
- Šarčević, Susan, Emilia Čikara. 2009. European vs. National Terminology in Croatian Legislation Transposing EU Directives. 193–214 in Legal Language in Action: Translation, Terminology, Drafting and Procedural Issues, edited by Susan Šarčević. Zagreb: Nakladni Zavod Globus.
- Schaub, Martien. 1/2017. How to Make the Best Mandatory Information Requirements in Consumer Law. European Review of Private Law 25: 25–27. https://doi.org/10.54648/ERPL2017003
- Schmidt-Kessel, Martin. 2016. Verbraucherschutzrecht in der EU. 223–379 in Europäisches Privat-und Unternehmensrecht, Enzyklopädie Europarecht, edited by Martin Gebauer and Christoph Tiechmann. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag.
- Schulte-Nölke, Hans, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. 2008. EC Consumer Law Compendium, The Consumer Acquis and its Transposition in the Member States. München: Sellier. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783866537248
- Schulte-Nölke, Hans. 4/2009. The transposition of European consumer directives into the national laws of the EU Member States. Tijdschrift voor Consumentenrecht en handelspraktijken: 133–138.
- Segger-Piening, Sören. 2021. No Need to Read: ‘Self-Enforcing’ Pre-Contractual Consumer Information in European and German Law. 89–117 in Consumer Law and Economics, Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship, edited by Mathis Klaus and Tor Avishalom. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49028-7_5
- Stuyck, Jules. 2/2000. European Consumer Law after the Treaty of Amsterdam: Consumer Policy in or beyond the Internal Market. Common Market Law Review 37: 367–400. https://doi.org/10.54648/260933
- Stuyck, Jules. 20/2013. The Transformation of Consumer Law in the EU in the Last 20 years. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law: 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X1302000304
- Synodinou, Tatiana-Eleni, Philippe Jougleux, Christiana Markou, Thalia Prastitou. 2020. EU Internet Law in the Digital Era: Regulation and Enforcement. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25579-4
- Terryn, Evelyn. 2/2016. ‘Consumers, By Definition, Include Us All’… But Not for Every Transaction. European Review of Private Law 24: 271–286. https://doi.org/10.54648/ERPL2016017
- Tigelaar, Leonieke. 1/2019. How to Sanction a Breach of Information Duties of the Consumer Rights Directive? European Review of Private Law 27: 27–57. https://doi.org/10.54648/ERPL2019003
- Valant, Jana. 2015. Consumer protection in the EU, In-depth analysis. European Parliamentary Research Service.
- Vries de, Anne. 2011. Maximum Harmonisation and General Clauses – Two Conflicting Concepts? SSRN.
- Vries de, Anne. 4/2012. The Aim for Complete Uniformity in EU Private Law: An Obstacle to Further Harmonization. European Review of Private Law: 913–932. https://doi.org/10.54648/ERPL2012060
- Weatherill, Stephen. 2012. Maximum versus Minimum Harmonization: Choosing between Unity and Diversity in the Search for the Soul of the Internal Market. 175–200 in From Single Market to Economic Union, edited by Niamh Nic Shuibhne, Laurence W. Gormley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695706.003.0010
- Weatherill, Stephen. 2016. Contract Law of the Internal Market. Cambridge et al.: Intersentia. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781780687506
- Wilhelmsson, Thomas. 2008. Full Harmonisation of Consumer Contract Law? Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht: 225–229.
Comments are closed.